BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS OF PERFECT GASES

MASS

                      Mass is a property of a physical object that quantifies the amount of matter and energy it is equivalent to. Unlike weight, the mass of something at rest stays the same regardless of location. Mass is a central concept of classical mechanics and related subjects.

 

                      In physics, mass  is a property of a physical body which determines the body's resistance to being accelerated by a force and the strength of its mutual gravitational attraction with other bodies. The SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). As mass is difficult to measure directly, usually balances or scales are used to measure the weight of an object, and the weight is used to calculate the object's mass.

                                              SI Unit of mass is Kilogram.

                                                     Unit of mass is "m".

CASTING PROCESS

TYPES OF PATTERNS

The common types of patterns are:

1. Single piece pattern

2. Split piece pattern

3. Loose piece pattern

4. Gated pattern

5. Match pattern

6. Sweep pattern

7. Cope and drag pattern

8. Skeleton pattern

9. Shell pattern

10. Follow board pattern.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY

CLASSIFICATION OF ENERGY RESOURCES

                                The classification of energy resources chart is given below:

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

DEFINITION OF FLUID

                            Fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids.

  

                            Fluid is a substance, as a liquid or gas, that is capable of flowing and that changes its shape at a steady rate when acted upon by a force tending to change its shape.

AUTOMOBILE ENGINES

BASIC ENGINE COMPONENTS

• Camshaft
• Crankshaft
• Connecting Rod
• Cylinder Heads
• Crank Case
• Engine Belt
• Engine Valve
• Engine Oil System
• Engine Block
• Engine Overhaul Kits
• Engine Brackets
• Piston
• Push Rods

INTRODUCTION TO CIM AND COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN & ANALYSIS

INTRODUCTION TO CIM

                  Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process.  This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions. Through the integration of computers, manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone, although the main advantage is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes. Typically CIM relies on closed-loop control processes, based on real-time input from sensors. It is also known as flexible design and manufacturing.

AUTOMATIC LATHES AND GEAR MANUFACTURING

AUTOMATIC LATHE

                          An automatic lathe is a lathe (usually a metalworking lathe) whose actions are controlled automatically. Although all electronically controlled (CNC) lathes are automatic, they are usually not called by that name, as explained under "General nomenclature". The first kinds of automatic lathes were mechanically automated ones, from the 1870s until the advent of NC and CNC in the 1950s and 1960s. CNC has not yet entirely displaced mechanically automated machines. The latter type of machine tool is no longer being newly built, but many existing examples remain in service.

THEORY OF METAL CUTTING, DRILLING MACHINES AND BORING MACHINES

CUTTING TOOL MATERIAL

                                  Cutting tools must be made of a material harder than the material which is to be cut, and the tool must be able to withstand the heat generated in the metal-cutting process. Also, the tool must have a specific geometry, with clearance angles designed so that the cutting edge can contact the workpiece without the rest of the tool dragging on the workpiece surface. The angle of the cutting face is also important, as is the flute width, number of flutes or teeth, and margin size. In order to have a long working life, all of the above must be optimized, plus the speeds and feeds at which the tool is run.

FORMATION AND PROPERTIES OF STEAM & THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES OF VAPOUR

STEAM

             The vapour into which water is converted when heated, forming a white mist of minute water droplets in the air.

DC CIRCUITS AND DC MACHINES

ELECTRIC CURRENT

                             An electric current is a flow of electric charge. In electric circuits this charge is often carried by moving electrons in a wire. It can also be carried by ions in an electrolyte, or by both ions and electrons such as in a plasma.

                             The SI unit for measuring an electric current is the ampere, which is the flow of electric charges through a surface at the rate of one coulomb per second. Electric current can be measured using an ammeter.

BASICS OF THERMODYNAMICS AND THERMODYNAMIC PROCESS OF PERFECT GASES

INTRODUCTION TO THERMODYNAMICS

                                  Thermodynamics is a branch of natural science concerned with heat and temperature and their relation to energy and work. It defines macroscopic variables, such as internal energy, entropy, and pressure, that partly describe a body of matter or radiation. It states that the behavior of those variables is subject to general constraints, that are common to all materials, not the peculiar properties of particular materials. These general constraints are expressed in the four laws of thermodynamics. Thermodynamics describes the bulk behavior of the body, not the microscopic behaviors of the very large numbers of its microscopic constituents, such as molecules. Its laws are explained by statistical mechanics, in terms of the microscopic constituents.

FUNDAMENTALS OF ENERGY

INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY

                        Energy is defined as the ability or the capacity to do work.

                        We use energy to do work and make all movements. When we eat, our bodies transform the food into energy to do work. When we run or walk or do some work, we ‘burn’ energy in our bodies. Cars, planes, trolleys, boats, and machinery also transform energy into work. Work means moving or lifting something, warming or lighting something. There are many sources of energy that help to run the various machines invented by man.

                         In physics, energy is one of the basic quantitative properties describing a physical system or object's state. Energy can be transformed (converted) among a number of forms that may each manifest and be measurable in differing ways.

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

DEFINITION OF FLUID

                  In physics, a fluid is a substance that continually deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress. Fluids are a subset of the phases of matter and include liquids, gases, plasmas and, to some extent, plastic solids.

                  Fluid is a a substance, as a liquid or gas, that is capable of flowing and that changes its shape at a steadyrate when acted upon by a force tending to change its shape.

PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS AND PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS

INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS

             Fluid mechanics is the branch of physics that studies fluids (liquids, gases, and plasmas) and the forces on them. Fluid mechanics can be divided into fluid statics, the study of fluids at rest; fluid kinematics, the study of fluids in motion; and fluid dynamics, the study of the effect of forces on fluid motion. It is a branch of continuum mechanics, a subject which models matter without using the information that it is made out of atoms, that is, it models matter from a macroscopic viewpoint rather than from a microscopic viewpoint. Fluid mechanics, especially fluid dynamics, is an active field of research with many unsolved or partly solved problems. Fluid mechanics can be mathematically complex, and can best be solved by numerical methods, typically using computers. A modern discipline, called computational fluid dynamics (CFD), is devoted to this approach to solving fluid mechanics problems. Particle image velocimetry, an experimental method for visualizing and analyzing fluid flow, also takes advantage of the highly visual nature of fluid flow.

CASTING PROCESS

FACTORS FOR SELECTING PATTERN MATERIALS

The following factors assist in selecting proper pattern material:

 No. of castings to be produced.

 Metal to be cast.

 Dimensional accuracy & surface finish.

 Shape, complexity and size of casting.

 Casting design parameters.

 Type of molding materials.

 The chance of repeat orders.

 Nature of molding process.

 Position of core print.

CASTING PROCESS

PATTERN MATERIALS

              Typically, materials used for pattern making are wood, metal or plastics. Wax and Plaster of Paris are also used, but only for specialized applications. Mahogany is the most commonly used material for patterns, primarily because it is soft, light, and easy to work. The downside is that it wears out fast, and is prone to moisture attack. Metal patterns are more long lasting, and do not succumb to moisture, but they are heavier and difficult to repair once damaged.

CASTING PROCESS

PATTERN

                       In casting, a pattern is a replica of the object to be cast, used to prepare the cavity into which molten material will be poured during the casting process.

                       Patterns used in sand casting may be made of wood, metal, plastics or other materials. Patterns are made to exacting standards of construction, so that they can last for a reasonable length of time, according to the quality grade of the pattern being built, and so that they will repeatably provide a dimensionally acceptable casting.